Dental Checkups Made Convenient and Affordable

Having trouble dealing with that stinging toothache? Ouch! That must hurt real badly! Tired of being taunted about your teeth discoloration ever so often? Don’t worry, you’re not alone. In fact, most of us have been through this situation or are facing it as we speak and it all boils down to oral health.

Dental problems often leave you feeling queasy and uncomfortable; just the thought of sitting sprawled on a dentist’s chair can freak anybody out.That being said, oral hygiene is imperative to make sure your teeth and gums are in pristine condition all year round. You can take a step in the right direction by scheduling for a regular dental checkup.

Wear that million dollar smile bold and beautiful

Good eating habits and healthy diet patterns play a crucial role in keeping your teeth and gums in great shape. What’s more? Shiny, bright set of teeth are responsible for giving you that perfect smilethat’s enough to boost your spirits, and help you take on the day with vigor and confidence.

Speaking of which, when is the last time you visited your dentist? If you don’t quite recall, it’s about time you fixed an appointment right away with your dentist. Come on, there’s nothing to fear. Gone are the days when a dentist’s chair was often compared to an electric chair; things have gotten better since.

Today, visiting your dentist is convenient, comfortable, and leaves you with an easy-breezy feeling from the time you enter through that door till you’re done and dusted with your checkup. Dental clinics today have state-of-the-art equipment, and yes, that includes the dentist’s chair, to put you at ease. You won’t even realize that you’re getting your tooth/teeth examined; it’s going to be smooth sailing!

Locating an experienced dentist in town

Finding an affordable dentist might be like finding a needle in a haystack, but it’s worth your time and effort in the long run, and can save you hundreds of dollars. Children, adults, and senior citizens – we all need to visit our dentists often for teeth cleaning, whitening, root canals, and just about any dental emergency that can crop up uninvited.

You might want to check on Bur Oak Dental, which happens to be one of the finest in the Markham community with three convenient locations. They are open 7 days a week right from they opened shop in 2004.

Are you thinking of teeth whitening? Bur Oak Dental will do it absolutely FREE of cost! Great way to save a few dollars that would come in handy elsewhere, don’t you think?

Preserve and protect your pearly whites responsibly

Your smile is precious, and that’s why you need to take some time out from your busy schedule to make sure it never fades. Pearly white teeth can make that smile grow wider and sparkling if only you can take good care of them. Most of us get so wrapped up in our daily chores that we tend to overlook minor dental complaints that are likely to magnify into deep-rooted aches and pains.

Bridges and dentures, treating gum diseases, a plausible remedy for oral cancer – you never know when you might need to go through these situations. Being cautious and diligent is your way to healthy, white, and strong set of pearly whites! Visit an affordable dentist today and get the ball rolling!

Dental Invisalign

Invisalign Changing the Medical World of Teeth

When there are teeth, there will be problems. And to solve such problems, dental invisalign is one of the most opted one.

What is Invisalign?

Dental Invisalign utilizes a progression of undetectable, removable, and agreeable aligners that nobody can tell you’re wearing. The Invisalign treatment comprises of a progression of aligners that you change out about like clockwork. Each aligner is separately made with correct counts to progressively move your teeth into place

How are the Invisalign aligners made?

Step 1: Initial Consultation

Amid this visit, the specialists at dePacific will examine the issues you have with your teeth and the outcomes you are searching for. Once the specialists establish that Invisalign is an appropriate treatment alternative for you, a treatment plan will be mapped out on account of your objectives. At that point, impressions and photos of your teeth will be taken.

Step 2: Digitizing a 3-D virtual treatment arrange

The impressions and photographs of your teeth will be digitized to make a computerized 3-D picture of them. From these pictures the specialists will delineate an exact treatment arrange, including the correct developments of your teeth. Utilizing this same innovation, the specialists at dePacific will even have the capacity to demonstrate to you a virtual portrayal of how your teeth will move with each phase of treatment.

Step 3: Fabricating your customized aligners

At the Singapore invisalign research centre, tweaked aligners are made with cutting edge innovation for you to wear at each phase of your treatment. Each aligner is marginally extraordinary, moving your teeth step by step into the sought position. While the quantity of aligners differs for every person, a full arrangement of treatment regularly incorporates 20-20 aligners for each curve.

Dental Invisalign

Step 4: A straightforward procedure with just periodic checkups

You will wear the aligner day and night, just taking then out to eat, brush and floss, for roughly two weeks, before proceeding onward to the following aligner in the arrangement. The dentist specialists see you each four to a month and a half for an advance survey; and to issue the following arrangements of aligners in the arrangement at these arrangements. Amid the procedure, you will have the capacity to see your teeth bit by bit move into place. Your laughter will, little by little, uncover the genuine you.

Steps to be followed to keep the dental health

Here are some of the tips that should be followed periodically to make sure your teeth is normal and free of any ailments-

  • Trash and plaque should be cleaned from all denture surfaces day by day.
  • Clean your dentures utilizing a delicate toothbrush and gentle cleanser and water or denture glue. Standard toothpaste is not suggested.
  • Clean your dentures over a hand-bowl half loaded with water to anticipate breakage if dropped.
  • Brush your gums, tongue and sense of taste each morning with a delicate toothbrush before you embed your dentures. This empowers course in your tissues and evacuates plaque.
  • In the event that your denture breaks or is harmed, quit wearing it straight away. Try not to attempt to repair it, twist it or change it. Contact your dental centre for an arrangement to settle it.

In the event that you find that your denture has a development (tartar or math), absorb it white vinegar and water. In the event that regardless you can’t evacuate the development, call the nearest dental facility and make an arrangement to have your denture repolished.

Transform your smile with Invisalign Perth

Are you the one, who want to straighten their smile without any metal in your mouth? Well, with the invisalign is clear system of aligner which has been chosen by million numbers of the patients across the world for the efficacy and comfort. It is also the invisible alternative to the metal brackets or the wires. It is termed as the modernized orthodontic appliances which keeps all smiling every time, which you wear and even afterwards. These clear aligners that are removable are even made in customized way for fitting well to the mouth. They are unlike braces; one can smoothly remove it before drinking or eating. So what are you waiting for? Contact the dentists of Invisalign Perth today.

The invisalign even assist in eliminating the problem of the food, which gets stuck in the braces. It allows well the user in managing their oral hygiene with the flossing and brushing. You can continue enjoying food that you love the most and can smile with full confidence with the Invisalign. You can outsource the help of Invisalign Perth and can use them for following purposes as,

  • Overcrowded teeth
  • For widely spacing teeth
  • Overbite
  • Under
  • bite
  • Cross bite

Are you the one who want to transform the smile? Then, you should call now and arrange the free consultation with highly experienced person for assessing the suitability for the Invisalign. Now this dental treatment of yours can exactly help you in getting the beautiful as you want. This system is comfortable enough, predictable and virtual treatment for effectively straightening up the teeth, while still allow you to do the things, which you like. One can also find out if this invisalign treatment is best for you and with their compatibility tool, you can also find million number of people having the beautiful smile just because of this treatment.

The custom made aligners

With the smart technologies and with the customized made aligners, you can find the tooth movement comfortable and predictable with the Invisalign treatment. It can also help all for making them feel more confident with the decision of transforming the smile. Every smile makes the statement with Invisalign treatment, and people can get the best smile. You must contact the experts who can offer this treatment perfectly. It uses the innovative approach for effectively straightening teeth. With the smart technology features, they create the series of the customized made removable aligners for all.

How the Invisalign system does helps?

  • Maintains good health: they are removable and makes them easier in cleaning teeth and even maintain the oral health during the dental treatment.
  • Smile with full confidence during the treatment: Many of the patients around see the improvement in the smile, within few months. Most of the people even don’t get to know that you are wearing these aligners as they are invisible virtually.
  • Freedom of celebration: if you have got any special occasion? Then not a problem, you can take out these aligners and can wear them up.

Tooth Discolouration – Causes, Prevention & Treatment

While it is perfectly normal that no one’s teeth are perfectly white and that teeth can become a little duller in appearance as we age, obvious tooth discolouration can deter a person’s confidence. Genetics also have a role to play in the colour of your teeth too but where the natural shades of your teeth has become so distorted that theyappear yellow, brown, or even spotted, it can understandably leave you feeling quite self-conscious about your smile.

There are 2 different types of tooth discolouration, each with different likely causes and treatments:

Extrinsic

Extrinsic discolouration occurs when the outer layer of the tooth enamel becomes stained due to the consumption of certain substances.

Causes

  • Frequent consumption of particular foods and drinksparticularly coffee, tea, red wine, soy sauce, soft drinks –cola most prolifically – and fruits and vegetables such asberries, apples and potatoes.
  • Smoking or chewing tobacco, consumption of any tobacco based products.
  • Long term, poor oral hygiene.

Treatment

Professional tooth whitening can offer significant improvements to extrinsically discoloured teeth after just one session. A certified and trained dental professional like Dr. Thomas Munroe can conduct a safe whitening treatment involving the use of a bleaching agent on the surface of the teeth to restore your smile to its natural appearance. You will likely be provided with an effective home whitening system to use in the subsequent weeks following your treatment to ensure long-lasting results.

Where the discolouration runs particularly deep, it may not be possible to achieve your desired results through teeth whitening. In such instances, our patients have found porcelain veneers to be a more suitable option as they serve to effectively mask any stains from view and restore the appearance of natural teeth.

Intrinsic

Intrinsic tooth discoloration is the result of dental stains from within the tooth itself. The internal structure of the tooth – known as the dentin – darkens or turns a yellow shade.

Causes

  • Prescription medicines such as tetracycline and doxycycline antibiotics, anti-histamines, anti-psychotics and anti-hypertensives, especially if taken during childhood while adult teeth are developing.
  • Nerve damage due to chipped, damaged or broken teeth.
  • Excessive exposure to fluoride especially during childhood can lead to dental fluorosis, a condition that causes white spots or lines on the teeth.
  • Genetics – some people can be born with varying levels of intrinsic tooth discolouration.
  • Ageing – Wear and tear over time can gradually lead to intrinsic discolouration.

Treatment

Since teeth whitening treatments can only improve the appearance of the exterior of your teeth, they are not an effective solution for intrinsic discolouration. Dental veneers are often the best first port of call for treating intrinsic discolouration. The veneer effectively masks the visible stains and instantly assumes the appearance of a natural tooth. Veneers are porcelain covers which are effectively cemented onto the teeth. They can fix the appearance of broken, chipped or crooked teeth as well as intrinsically discoloured teeth.

Where teeth have serious intrinsic stains, patients may need to consider dental crowns instead of dental veneers. Following an initial examination, your dentist will be able to provide advice on the treatment which will offer you the best results.

Preventing Discolouration

While intrinsic discolouration can be difficult to prevent, there are some active measures that you can take to prevent extrinsic discolouration.

  • Avoid smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol, particularly frequent consumption of red wine.
  • Limit your intake of coffee, tea and soft drinks as well as berries, beets, apples, potatoes and sauces.
  • Maintain a good oral hygiene routine; ensuring to brush your teeth twice daily and flossing at least once daily.
  • Attend regular dental check-ups, getting your teeth professionally cleaned at least once every 6 months.

Don’t allow tooth discolouration to deter your confidence. No matter the level of discolouration, there are effective dental treatments available to resolve the issue and restore the appearance of the tooth to its natural state.

Make your smile perfect with the help of the dental treatment given by this website

Among the parts of the body one of the most important parts is the teeth. It is the part which helps in grinding the food, and also helps in many small actions of the body. It also helps in delivering our opinion to others in the form of speech. Those teeth are of many types which get changed according to our growth.

Structure of teeth:

The structure of teeth starts with the incisors and canines which forms the front teeth in which incisors have straight edges which are used to cut the food.

  • Canines are slightly pointed when compared to the incisors and they are engaged in holding the pieces of food for grinding.
  • The back teeth are occupied by molars and premolars. These two back teeth help in chewing the food thus rendering support to the jaws.
  • During their life time humans tend to have two types of teeth namely baby teeth and permanent teeth. Those two teeth occupy our lifetime.

Functions of teeth:

There are various functions of teeth which are to be involved in various processes of the body. They are to be stated as follows.

Both the front and back teeth helps in chewing and cutting the food into pieces.

Teeth also play a major role in digestion.

Teeth are the major part for our speech to be perfect.

Irregular teeth shape may lead to imperfection in the speech and may also change your appearance.

Tooth loss may also make some strain to the individual while speaking and they may also think to feel awkward.

Problems due to irregular shaped teeth and tooth loss:

There are many problems are bound to take place due to the tooth loss and also some problems may arise in an individual with irregular shaped teeth.

  • Many researches have stated that due to crooked or irregular teeth one may face irregular jaw development.
  • Crooked teeth are due to tongue thrusting, mouth breathing, reverse swallowing and thumb sucking.
  • Gum diseases are more prevalent in this type of crooked teeth.
  • It also makes difficulty in cleaning teeth.
  • Also increases the cause of tooth injuries.
  • It involves in creating chewing difficulties and also tends to give bad breath.
  • As irregular shaped teeth may also decreases the overall strength of the body.

Solution for teeth disorders:

There are many websites available which may provide the correct assistance for the dental disorders. One of such website is the www.smilecliniq.com. It is one of the website which involves in giving the right opinion from the best London dentist who are also available online. These London dentists may make their patients feel normal as like other people after getting treatment with them. Teeth are one of the attractive organs within the face so make sure of your dentist as a little fault may lead to many defects. So log on to the website and get the best treatment.

general dentistry

How General Dentistry Has Evolved with Time and Technology

With the advancement of technology in recent times, problems relating to general dentistry can now be detected and solved. This can only ensure one major thing which is the ensuring that people such as you can live a normal life. This is perhaps the reason why there have been lots of discoveries in this field; to see to it that dental problems aren’t just handled but that they are detected and treated in a timely manner.

If you are very observant about the developments in the field of general dentistry, you will notice that there have been lots of discoveries over the years. These discoveries and innovations have been able to transform this field in lots of regards. However, if you happen to be one of those who still doubt the contributions of technology in the field of dentistry, this post will be able to show you some of them just to have you convinced that this is an ever-evolving field. Some of them will be listed and explained below.

Dental Implants

This has been improved since it was introduced into the field of general dentistry. An example of such improvement is the introduction of mini implants which addresses problems relating to having small tooth replaced. There are tools that do aid the placement of implants immediately after extraction has been carried out. Dental implants tend to have the answers to lots of questions in the field of dentistry. It doesn’t matter whether such has to do with the procedure regarding if root canal should be followed or if there is extraction of a tooth.

Desensitizer Innovation

This is very useful for those who have teeth that are sensitive. It is used by dentists to ensure that you don’t have to feel uncomfortable when dental treatments are being carried out on you. It will be at the discretion of the dentist to decide whether to make use of a desensitizers only or use other drugs alongside it.

general dentistry

Digital X – Rays

With this the capturing of dental images becomes very easy. These images are then displayed on the screen of a computer. One major benefit that digital x – rays do have over the traditional form of x- ray is that you are protected from the danger of radiation.

Optical Scanners

There is no way that we will talk about the technological developments in the field of general dentistry without stating this one. With this, the human tooth can be presented in a 3D format. What it does is that it helps to ensure that the tooth is presented in every possible dimension. This can aid the dentist to see the colors as well other developments.

Periometer

With this tool, every crack in the teeth will be easily detected. Also, dental therapeutics can be easily detected through this instrument. It has been researched that periometer is important to prevent failure of implants.

The Wand

Anesthesia can be delivered in a systematic manner through this tool. Through this tool every injection will be painless as it will help the patient to absorb such pains with ease.

6 Reasons To Take Good Care Of Baby Teeth

You might think that there’s no need to pay attention to baby teeth-after all, they fall off after sometime and are replaced by permanent teeth. This could not be further from the truth. If you have a small child, you need to be taking proper care of their baby teeth. The reasons are as follows:

The baby teeth hold space for the permanent teeth. They act as guides when the permanent teeth are moving into place. You need to ensure that the permanent teeth have enough space so that your baby has a good smile and bite. If you allow your baby’s teeth to decay, it will narrow down the space available for the permanent teeth. The result is that the permanent teeth will seem crowded and you’ll end up paying more visits to the pediatric dentist than you should had you taken care of the baby teeth in the first place.

The front teeth of a child are important for proper speech development. If these are missing or damaged, your child may have trouble articulating some words and may even end up with a lisp.

Proper nutrition is essential for everyone, but even more paramount in growing children. And in order for children to get proper nutrition, they need strong healthy teeth that will allow them to eat properly. As such, your kids need their baby teeth taken care of so that they can feed well and grow into strong and healthy adults.

If you do not take care of your child’s baby teeth, they are likely to develop toothaches which will hinder their learning and development by causing them pain and sleepless nights. Toothaches are terrible to have even for adults. Do your child a favor and keep toothaches at bay by taking really good care of their baby teeth.

Most people who have teeth problems tend to have low self-confidence owing to the negative attention they may attract or feel like they attract. This is a bad predicament to put your child in, especially since it can be avoided. Do not let your child walk around with decayed baby teeth simply because you believe they will fall off eventually. As already mentioned, this could impact the development of their permanent teeth. At the same time, this is not good for their self-confidence.

Taking care of your child’s baby teeth is a great way to teach them how to practice good health habits. At their young age, children are impressionable and eager to learn. What you instill in them when they are still young is what they will carry over to adulthood.

Most adults who do not take good care of their teeth started this habit right when they were young children. Some habits are developed over time and practiced throughout one’s lifetime. You can save your child from numerous trips to the dentist by showing them what benefits they stand to gain when they care for their teeth. Don’t just assume that because the teeth are going to fall off  they don’t matter-they do, and they need to be taken proper care of.

Pediatric Dentistry

Pediatric Dentistry: Getting Ready For First Visit To Dentist

Do you have tots with small teeth at your home or do you expect them soon? Are you a caregiver for toddlers, babies or preschoolers? Are you a teacher? If your answer is yes, you should start getting ready for the first visit to a dentist.

Choosing a dentist for your baby

In recent years, various dental schools have released thousands of dentists to offer dental services to children. However, not every dentist is comfortable with handling kids. This implies that you need to spot a dentist who will handle your toddler well. Here are some tips to help you find a competent dentist for your child.

Contact the dentist’s office and find out the age the dentist handles especially for the kids who are visiting for the first time.  I strongly advise that you settle for a dentist who accepts to see kids who have never visited a dentist.

Find out if the dentist specializes in taking care of young children. Here are a few tips for spotting such a dentist.

  • Inquire from friends and relatives especially who have kids
  • Check your phone book. Perhaps one of the dentists you know can offer such services
  • Visit www.aapd.org, the official website for American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and click on “find a dentist”. Depending on your location and other factors, the website will suggest a few dentists and their contact information.

Pediatric Dentistry

Prepare for age one dental visit

The primary reason for taking your kid to a dentist at the age of 1 is to learn your baby’s oral health and how you can give the baby maximum care before dental problems begin cropping up. Note that you can prevent dental problems if you know how to strengthen the child’s dental health. The perfect way of preparing for such an early visit is by defining what you need to know, what you are searching for and what to expect from the dentist. Therefore, be prepared to look for an office that is:

  • Guardian and baby-friendly
  • Has vast knowledge regarding child’s oral health, growth and development
  • Highly responsive to inquiries
  • Kind and gentle towards the kid
  • Focused on what is best for your child
  • Specific when it comes to advise on how to care for your kid’s dental health
  • Offers contact information and emergency services in case of dental problems

Pediatricians and dentists call such an office a dental home.  If you are scared of taking your baby to a dentist, you can request a close relative to accompany you.

What to expect at the dental office

At the dental office you should expect the dentist to:

  • Review the child’s history
  • Respond to your concerns and questions
  • Discuss various issues regarding the child’s dental health with you

If your kid is visiting a dentist for the first time, pediatric dentistry Richmond Hill is ready to make the visit a success. Remember, your kid’s oral health is very important.

 

Dental Health

Cigarette Smoking Cessation: A Smoker’s Guide for Improved Dental Health

There are approximately 1.3 billion smokers in the world right now, and smoking is the second main source of deaths in adults. Nicotine is very addictive which makes it difficult for most smokers to stop even when their health starts to get affected.

The Scale of the Dilemma

Using tobacco affects almost every part of the body such as the lungs, mouth, esophagus, heart, kidneys and cervix. It also affects a person’s oral health. Smokers get oral cancers four times more than non-smokers. Using both alcohol and tobacco increases the percentage of getting oral diseases.

The World Health Organization (WHO) created the Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI) in 1998 to focus on issues about cigarette smoking. Their main purpose is to decrease the number of diseases and deaths caused by using tobacco. This initiative promotes the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC).

The WHO FCTC started the first public health treaty on March 1, 2003. It emphasized the role of health professionals in tobacco use. This was one of the most accepted treaties in the United Nations (UN).

Oral-related Diseases

Oral cancer affects the lips, tongue, inner cheek, and throat. The formation of white and red patches in the mouth is one of the symptoms.  Another one is excessive bleeding.  Experts treat it through radio therapy or chemotherapy.

Nicotine stomatitis, also called as smoker’s palate, is an infection of the duct openings. Red dots is a sign of this condition. Not using tobacco is a way of healing smoker’s palate. It is curable in 1-2 weeks.

Smoker’s Melanosis shows brown and black patches on the mouth area. The shapes of the patches are irregular. This is caused by cigarettes stimulating the melanocytes that makes melanin. This condition is not cancerous. It is treatable by quitting smoking.

Gingivitis results from gum infections. When bacteria gets under the gums, it leads to tartar formation. Symptoms include swollen gums and bleeding teeth. This is treated by taking medicines or surgery.

Dental Health

Smoking results in premature tooth loss. Tobacco usage affects the blood supply to the gums.

Halitosis is also called as bad breath or fetor oris. An unpleasant smell is present when one exhales. Smoking is one of the common causes of halitosis.

How to Stop Smoking

Determining the triggers of your smoking habit aids you to manage the situation. Writing them down helps you focus. Have a trusted friend or a support group. During the first few days after quitting is very difficult. You can talk to them whenever you feel depressed.

Consulting a dental health professional regularly is a way of taking care of your dental health. You can ask an award winning dentist if you have further questions about taking care of your teeth.

 Conclusion

Whenever you are craving for a cigarette, put something in your mouth that you can chew on. Try a new hobby with non-smoking friends. You can reward yourself if you are successful in quitting. Remember that the best way of quitting is to have the will yourself.

 

Common Dental Problems and Their Treatment Options

Studies show that dental problems can cause several alarming health and social issues. Bad breath and discolored teeth can affect one’s self esteem and even ruin their relationships. Unhealthy teeth attract harmful bacteria, which not only causes damage to the mouth but to other body parts as well. You can identify dental problems by making regular visits to a Barrie dentist. With proper dental care, you will better your smile, self-esteem and live a healthy life. Below are some of the issues a dentist Barrie can help you solve:

Tooth Decay

Tooth decay is the most common oral health problem. It occurs when the bacteria in the mouth ferment sugars producing acids, which eat away the tooth. The result is a hole in the tooth, known as a cavity. Cavities make the teeth appear ugly and they are a cause for bad breath too. The solution for cavities is to get a filling. The filling will cover the cavity and prevent the tooth from additional decay. You can get a normal filling or a colored filling. Colored fillings or porcelain inlays are usually offered by cosmetic surgeons. They can be fixed in such a way that they remain unnoticed.

Missing Teeth

Teeth fall out for a number of reasons. It could be damage through an accident andsome people choose to pull them off due to severe decay. Missing teeth can ruin your smile, affect the bite, and cause your cheeks to sink. The solution for this is to undergo a cosmetic dental procedure. You will get a dental bridge or dental implant. Dental implants are more preferred because most of them mimic the natural teeth so no one can tell that you have had cosmetic surgery.

Crooked Teeth

Crooked teeth are the major causes of bite problems. If your teeth are misaligned a dentist will help you fix them using invisalign or porcelain veneers.

Broken Teeth

Broken teeth increase the risk of getting infections. Food particles will be stuck in between the cracks when you chew. Broken teeth are repaired using dental crowns. Dental crowns or onlays are designed to blend in with the rest of the teeth.

Discolored Teeth

If you don’t brush your teeth after taking coffee, tea, juice, wine and other colored drinks, your teeth may become discolored. Other causes include smoking and excess fluoride. An oral healthcare provider can help you whiten the teeth and revert them back to their natural look. This process is called teeth whitening and is achieved using different products and equipment.

Gummy Smile Or Excessive Gingival Display

A gummy smile is a condition whereby one’s teeth appear short compared to the gingival tissue that is displayed when smiling. Many people with gummy line feel uncomfortable when they smile and a number choose not to. However, gummy smile is a condition that can be easily fixed. Some solutions available include laser treatments, orthodontics, surgical lip positioning, maxillofacial surgery and surgical sculpting of the gingival tissues.